Monday, August 28, 2017

Psychological Science 5th Edition Test Bank

CHAPTER 01: The Science of PsychologyCHAPTER 01: The Science of Psychology
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following is the best definition of psychological science?A. the study of the brain and its functionB. the study of the mind, the brain, and thought processesC. the study of the mind, the brain, and behaviorD. the study of the mind, the psyche, and behavior
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 What Is Psychological Science?OBJ: 1.1A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Remembering
2. Psychological science is the study of:A. the mind. C. behavior.B. the brain. D. all of the above.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 What Is Psychological Science?OBJ: 1.1A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Remembering
3. Trying to understand the relationship between the actions of neurons and a thought is an example of the connection between:A. the brain and the mind. C. genes and the mind.B. nature and nurture. D. the brain and emotion.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 What Is Psychological Science?OBJ: 1.1A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Applying
4. Based on your textbook’s definition of psychology, which statement best reflects the relationship between the mind and the brain?A. The brain is the same thing as the mind.B. The brain influences the mind.C. The brain is unrelated to the mind.D. The brain reflects the mind.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 What Is Psychological Science?OBJ: 1.1A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Applying
5. Barry and Candace are disagreeing. Barry states that psychology is the study of the mind. Candace believes that psychology is the science of behavior. Given your knowledge of psychology, how would you resolve this argument?A. Barry is correct. Psychology only studies the mind.B. Candace is correct. Psychology only studies behavior.C. Both are correct. Psychology studies both the mind and behavior.D. Both are incorrect. Psychology only studies emotions.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.1 What Is Psychological Science?OBJ: 1.1A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Understanding
6. Allanah is a psychology major. Which of the following best describes what Allanah will learn about?A. the structure and function of the brainB. mental disorders and their treatmentsC. feelings and other subjective statesD. the mind, the brain, and behavior
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 What Is Psychological Science?OBJ: 1.1A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Understanding
7. For much of its history, psychologists focused mostly on:A. the brain. C. behaviors.B. disorders. D. the mind.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 What Is Psychological Science?OBJ: 1.1A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Remembering
8. Which of the following is an example of a psychologist who is studying the mind?A. Dr. Chu, who studies how weather influences children’s actions on the playgroundB. Dr. Well, who studies neural activity during sleep cycles of elderly adultsC. Dr. Mann, who studies the accuracy of traumatic memories over timeD. Dr. East, who studies the facial expressions of relationship partners during a fight
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.1 What Is Psychological Science?OBJ: 1.1A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional DevelopmentMSC: Applying
9. Which of the following is an example of a psychologist who is studying the brain?A. Dr. Fields, who studies the purchasing habits of impulsive individualsB. Dr. Joe, who studies how neural activity changes as newborn babies developC. Dr. Perez, who studies how our feelings can influence our thought processesD. Dr. Ladd, who studies the training activities of professional athletes
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 What Is Psychological Science?OBJ: 1.1A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional DevelopmentMSC: Applying
10. Which of the following is an example of a psychologist who is studying behavior?A. Dr. Wick, who studies how certain smells can trigger certain feelingsB. Dr. Woods, who studies patterns of neural activity related to drug useC. Dr. Paul, who studies the thought processes involved in decision makingD. Dr. Hull, who studies the facial expressions of relationship partners during a fight
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 What Is Psychological Science?OBJ: 1.1A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional DevelopmentMSC: Applying
11. According to your text, amiable skepticism is an important element in a type of reasoning called:A. scholarly inquiry. C. analytic argumentation.B. nay-sayerism. D. critical thinking.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Psychological Science Teaches Critical Thinking OBJ: 1.1BNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Remembering
12. Which of the following is a characteristic of a good consumer of scientific research?A. open to new ideas C. wary of scientific findingsB. carefully considers the facts D. all of the above
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Psychological Science Teaches Critical Thinking OBJ: 1.1BNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Remembering
13. Critical thinking is best defined as thinking that:A. is systematic and reasonable.B. is open-minded and creative.C. criticizes others’ opinions.D. uses inferences but does not solve problems.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 Psychological Science Teaches Critical Thinking OBJ: 1.1BNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Remembering
14. Which of the following is an example of using critical thinking and scientific reasoning?A. believing that sugar causes ADHD because you feel hyper after eating a candy barB. concluding that listening to Mozart improves learning in children after reading an article about this topic in a popular magazineC. using a personal example to show how a psychological principle must be wrongD. conducting research to investigate the effectiveness of left brain/right brain games in improving memory
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 Psychological Science Teaches Critical Thinking OBJ: 1.1BNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying
15. Why is critical thinking important in evaluating psychological research?A. Researchers deliberately lie about their research findings.B. There might be significant limitations to the research findings.C. Research findings are rarely influenced by political and personal agendas.D. There is always a single clear explanation and the researchers may not have found it.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 Psychological Science Teaches Critical Thinking OBJ: 1.1BNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying
16. Which of the following is an important goal of your psychology textbook?A. to teach you how to be a therapist by using methods of psychologyB. to provide you with an education about the methods of psychological scienceC. to help you define normal versus abnormal behavior so you can recognize mental illnessD. to help you predict how people will interact in novel situations
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Psychological Science Teaches Critical Thinking OBJ: 1.1BNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
17. The difference between using critical thinking explanations and everyday explanations for psychological phenomena is that:A. critical thinking relies on evidence and scientific support for making conclusions.B. everyday explanations rely on evidence and scientific support for making conclusions.C. critical thinking relies on personal examples more than scientific evidence for making conclusions.D. everyday explanations rely on personal examples and scientific evidence for making conclusions.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Psychological Science Teaches Critical Thinking OBJ: 1.1BNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Remembering
18. Taj is writing a paper on global warming. He only includes research findings that support his own beliefs about global warming because he thinks that all the contradictory findings must be the result of flawed research. This is an example of:A. misunderstanding or not using statistics.B. hindsight bias.C. a failure to accurately judge source credibility.D. the confirmation bias.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically ThinkOBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying
19. You are asked to write a newspaper article on a controversial political topic and you want to make sure you are not influenced by the confirmation bias. Which of the following should you do in order to avoid the confirmation bias?A. focus mainly on evidence that you find on your favorite news websiteB. place equal importance on evidence that supports and contradicts your own beliefsC. focus mainly on evidence that supports your own beliefs, since it is the most accurate researchD. place equal importance on evidence you find online and in textbooks
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically ThinkOBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying
20. Which of the following is one factor that contributes to the confirmation bias?A. selective emotionality, which is the tendency to better remember information that is negativeB. selective emotionality, which is the tendency to better remember information that is positiveC. selective memory, which is the tendency to better remember information that supports our existing beliefsD. selective memory, which is the tendency to better remember information that goes against our existing beliefs
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically ThinkOBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Understanding
21. A drug company wants to create an advertisement for a new antidepressant drug. Using your knowledge of source credibility, which of the following advertisements would be most persuasive?A. an ad that features a celebrity on the set of his or her new pirate movieB. an ad that features an actor portraying a doctorC. an ad that features the CEO of the drug companyD. an ad that features a famous person who has struggled with depression
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically ThinkOBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying
22. A drug company is creating a commercial for a new heart medication. Since the evidence for this drug is weak, they focus on the expertise of the drug company instead of the research findings. This strategy is known as:A. taking mental shortcuts. C. appeals to authority.B. the hindsight bias. D. the confirmation bias.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically ThinkOBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Understanding
23. Which of the following is NOT a reason why errors and biases occur in our thinking processes?A. People are motivated to use their intelligence.B. People want to make sense of events that happen around them.C. The human brain is highly efficient at finding patterns between things.D. The human brain is highly efficient at processing multiple streams of information.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically ThinkOBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Remembering
24. Which of the following is NOT one of the major biases in thinking described in your text?A. misunderstanding or not using statisticsB. seeing relationships that do not existC. failing to accurately judge source credibilityD. ignoring other people’s perspectives
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically ThinkOBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Remembering
25. Which of the following is an example of the “seeing relationships that do not exist” bias in thinking described in your text?A. Abby thinks she is an above-average dancer, an above-average singer, and an above-average student, even though everyone else thinks she is just average.B. Tony underestimates the likelihood of bicycle accidents because he cannot easily recall one that happened recently.C. Tim thinks that he must eat pizza right before class if he wants to do well on his exam.D. Ziva believes that she is more likely to make her next shot, because she has made the last three in a row.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically ThinkOBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying
26. Which of the following is an example of the “misunderstanding or not using statistics” bias in thinking described in your text?A. Matt thinks he did well in psychology because he is intelligent, but failed chemistry because his teacher was incompetent.B. Meredith overestimates the likelihood of airplane accidents because she can easily recall one that happened recently.C. Michael thinks that he must wear his lucky gym shorts in order to win the game.D. John believes that a coin that has landed on heads three times in a row is more likely to be heads the next time it is flipped.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically ThinkOBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying
27. Which of the following is an example of the “taking mental shortcuts” bias in thinking described in your text?A. Jack thinks he got an A on his essay because he is a great writer, but got a D on his communications project because the instructions were too confusing.B. Rose overestimates how often cruise ships sink because she can vividly remember the sinking of the Titanic.C. Wade believes that he will be funnier on stage if he eats fried chicken before he goes on stage to perform.D. Michael thinks that he must wear his lucky gym shorts in order to win the game.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically ThinkOBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying
28. Which of the following is a correct explanation for why the hindsight bias exists?A. Once we know the outcome, we pretend we knew it was going to happen to make ourselves feel better.B. Once we know the outcome, we reinterpret old evidence to make sense of that outcome.C. Before we know the outcome, we ignore evidence that contradicts what we believe.D. Before we know the outcome, we have too much evidence to consider to make an accurate prediction.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically ThinkOBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Understanding
29. On his way to the basketball game, Tom says he cannot predict who will win. After his team wins the game, Tom says he knew they were going to win because their defense always plays well together. This is an example of:A. taking mental shortcuts. C. the self-serving bias.B. the hindsight bias. D. the confirmation bias.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically ThinkOBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying
30. Which of the following is a benefit of using heuristics and mental shortcuts?A. They can lead to reasonably good decisions without too much effort.B. They can lead to better decisions compared to effortful decision-making strategies.C. They can lead to poor decisions but are very easy to use.D. They can lead to poor decisions, but we outgrow them as we get older.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically ThinkOBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Understanding
31. Isaac is trying to decide how often shark attacks happen. He quickly remembers all the shark attack shows he saw on television last week, so he decides that they must be common. Isaac’s overestimation of the rate of shark attacks is an example of:A. the hindsight bias.B. taking mental shortcuts.C. the self-serving bias.D. failing to accurately judge source credibility.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically ThinkOBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying
32. A recent survey found that 80 percent of high school students believed that they were above average on reading, writing, and math skills. Given that only 50 percent can be above average on any dimension, this is an example of the ________ bias.A. hindsight C. confirmationB. self-serving D. egocentric
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically ThinkOBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying
33. When Brent wins his track race, he says he won because of his athletic skills and hard work. When Brent loses his next race, he says he lost because the track was slippery and he lost his balance. This is an example of the ________ bias.A. confirmation C. egocentricB. hindsight D. self-serving
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically ThinkOBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying
34. Kaley has a big presentation at work. Afterward, her boss tells her she did a terrible job and fires her immediately. Given what you know about the self-serving bias, how will Kaley explain this situation?A. I did poorly on this presentation because I am stupid.B. I did poorly on this presentation because the topic was confusing and my boss did not give me enough time to complete it.C. I did well on this presentation because I am a good public speaker and I am smart.D. I did well on this presentation because it was easy and my boss did most of the work.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1.1 Psychological Reasoning Examines How People Typically ThinkOBJ: 1.1C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying
35. According to your text, the ancient Chinese philosopher Confucius emphasized each of the following psychological topics EXCEPT:A. human development. C. intelligence.B. interpersonal relations. D. education.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 What Are the Scientific Foundations of Psychology? OBJ: 1.2ANAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Analyzing
36. Yuko remarks that she is interested in child development and educational psychology. Based on your text’s discussion, Yuko’s interests echo the:A. emphases of Confucius. C. thoughts of Greek scholars.B. writings of da Vinci. D. writings of early Muslim thinkers.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 What Are the Scientific Foundations of Psychology? OBJ: 1.2ANAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding
37. Psychology developed into a discipline in:A. ancient China.B. nineteenth-century Europe.C. classical Greece.D. colonial America, in the eighteenth century.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 What Are the Scientific Foundations of Psychology? OBJ: 1.2ANAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
38. Your text traces the nature/nurture debate back to:A. the Chinese philosopher Confucius.B. the ancient Egyptians.C. Greek philosophers, such as Plato and Aristotle.D. the Renaissance philosopher Descartes.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Nature/Nurture Debate Has a Long History OBJ: 1.2BNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
39. The nature in the nature/nurture debate refers to either ________ factors affecting human psychological development.A. biological or behavioral C. biological or environmentalB. behavioral or environmental D. formal or natural
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Nature/Nurture Debate Has a Long History OBJ: 1.2BNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
40. According to the nature/nurture debate, nature states that individual psychological characteristics are a result of:A. education. C. experiences.B. biological influences. D. culture.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Nature/Nurture Debate Has a Long History OBJ: 1.2BNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
41. With respect to the nature/nurture debate, psychological scientists now believe that:A. nature is the most important factor in understanding the mind, the brain, and behavior.B. the mind, the brain, and behavior are largely a matter of nurture.C. both nature and nurture are important in understanding the mind, the brain, and behavior.D. the issue is largely irrelevant to understanding the mind, the brain, and behavior.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Nature/Nurture Debate Has a Long History OBJ: 1.2BNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Remembering
42. A little boy is running around a grocery store, screaming, yelling, and throwing cans. His parents cannot control him. A strict nurture-only theorist might say:A. “His parents must have been really active when they were children.”B. “He cannot help that he was born wild.”C. “Even if he was born wild, his parents should be able to control him.”D. “Boys evolved to act this way when they are young.”
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 The Nature/Nurture Debate Has a Long History OBJ: 1.2BNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying
43. Your friend gets in a traumatic car accident and the doctors are worried that she may develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, your friend seems to be coping well and is not showing any PTSD symptoms. How would a strict nature-only theorist explain this situation?A. Your friend inherited a genetic resilience against stressors that can lead to PTSD.B. Your friend must have a good support network that prevented her from developing PTSD.C. Your friend inherited a genetic predisposition to PTSD.D. Your friend needs a better support network if she wants to avoid developing PTSD.
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 The Nature/Nurture Debate Has a Long History OBJ: 1.2BNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying
44. Over history, people have viewed the mind as being located in each of the following parts of the body EXCEPT the:A. brain. C. heart.B. liver. D. sexual organs.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Mind/Body Problem Also Has Ancient Roots OBJ: 1.2BNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
45. Dualism is the idea that:A. the mind and the brain are separate entities.B. the mind and the brain are the same entity.C. the mind and the brain are opposing forces.D. there is no mind, just the brain.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Mind/Body Problem Also Has Ancient Roots OBJ: 1.2BNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
46. Which of the following philosophers is most noted for promoting dualism as an explanation of the mind/body problem?A. René Descartes C. HippocratesB. Leonardo da Vinci D. Sigmund Freud
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Mind/Body Problem Also Has Ancient Roots OBJ: 1.2BNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Analyzing
47. The idea that the mind and body are separate but intertwined describes the viewpoint of:A. dualism. C. introspection.B. structuralism. D. none of the above.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 The Mind/Body Problem Also Has Ancient Roots OBJ: 1.2BNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
48. For most of human history, Western scholars believed that the mind and body were separate and that humans were unique among the animals because humans:A. possessed a soul.B. controlled other animals.C. were mortal.D. had a mind and body that interacted for a divine purpose.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 The Mind/Body Problem Also Has Ancient Roots OBJ: 1.2BNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
49. With respect to the mind/body problem, which of the following alternatives best captures the view of dualism held by contemporary psychological scientists?A. Most psychological scientists reject dualism.B. Most psychological scientists accept dualism.C. While many psychological scientists reject dualism, a growing minority promote a return to dualism.D. While many psychological scientists accept dualism, a growing minority reject the view.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 The Mind/Body Problem Also Has Ancient Roots OBJ: 1.2BNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Analyzing
50. Who first proposed that psychology should be a science of observation and experimentation in order to discover the laws of the mind?A. René Descartes C. John Stuart MillB. John Locke D. Hermann von Helmholtz
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Experimental Psychology Began with Introspection OBJ: 1.2CNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Analyzing
51. Which of the following changes did John Stuart Mill advocate for the field of psychology?A. to move from the study of the mind to the study of the bodyB. to move from the study of the body to the study of the mindC. to move from speculation to observation and experimentationD. to move from experimentation and observation to speculation
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Experimental Psychology Began with Introspection OBJ: 1.2CNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
52. In which city did Wilhelm Wundt open the first psychological laboratory?A. Vienna, Austria C. Oxford, EnglandB. Leipzig, Germany D. Krakow, Poland
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Experimental Psychology Began with Introspection OBJ: 1.2CNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
53. A procedure in which an observer describes the simple elements of a mental experience in as much detail as possible is called:A. introspection. C. introjection.B. internal perception. D. internal sensation.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Experimental Psychology Began with Introspection OBJ: 1.2CNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
54. Dave walks into his dorm and finds his roommate Pete concentrating and staring at an apple. When he questions what he is doing, Pete tells Dave he is trying to describe the apple’s quality and intensity. Pete is using what technique?A. stream of consciousness C. introspectionB. functionalism D. internal review
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Introspection and Other Methods Led to Structuralism OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Applying
55. Your friend hands you a teddy bear and asks you to describe your sensations and feelings connected to the teddy bear. In this example, you are engaging in:A. psychoanalysis. C. introspection.B. functionalism. D. free association.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Experimental Psychology Began with Introspection OBJ: 1.2CNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying
56. Jordan studies consciousness by training himself to objectively report on his own sensations, which is similar to how the ________ school investigated psychology.A. structuralist C. psychodynamicB. functionalist D. behaviorist
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Introspection and Other Methods Led to Structuralism OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Applying
57. Which early school of psychology used introspection to study subjective mental experiences?A. functionalism C. cognitiveB. behavioral D. structuralism
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Introspection and Other Methods Led to Structuralism OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Remembering
58. If you were asked to list all the thoughts and experiences you have while answering a test question, the technique used would be:A. inspection. C. abstraction.B. conscription. D. introspection.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Experimental Psychology Began with Introspection OBJ: 1.2CNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding
59. Lassandra takes a sip of cola. “Sweet . . . cold, wet, tingly . . . slightly bitter,” she reports. Lassandra is engaging in:A. functionalism. C. psychoanalysis.B. free association. D. introspection.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Experimental Psychology Began with Introspection OBJ: 1.2CNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying
60. The early school of structuralism was introduced by:A. Edward Titchener. C. Wilhelm Wundt.B. William James. D. Mary Whiton Calkins.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Introspection and Other Methods Led to Structuralism OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Remembering
61. Which of the following psychologists is most closely associated with the school of structuralism?A. Sigmund Freud C. Edward TitchenerB. B.F. Skinner D. William James
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Introspection and Other Methods Led to Structuralism OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Remembering
62. According to the structuralists, the goal of psychology is to:A. uncover the unconscious determinants of behavior.B. focus on observable behavior itself.C. identify the elements of conscious experience.D. identify the purposes of our behavior and mental processes.
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Introspection and Other Methods Led to Structuralism OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Remembering
63. Dr. Leleux asserts that psychologists should attempt to isolate the fundamental attributes of mental experience. Dr. Leleux appears most sympathetic to the ________ school of thought in psychology.A. structuralist C. functionalistB. behaviorist D. Gestalt
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Introspection and Other Methods Led to Structuralism OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Understanding
64. Mary and Brian see a machine on the television program American Inventor. Mary wants to know what parts make up the machine, but Brian wants to know its purpose. Mary’s approach is most similar to the ________ school of psychology, while Brian’s approach is most similar to the ________ school of psychology.A. structuralist; functionalist C. Gestalt; psychoanalyticB. functionalist; structuralist D. psychoanalytic; Gestalt
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2CNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Analyzing
65. The fact that a variety of thoughts come to mind even as you are engaged in the activity of taking this exam exemplifies psychologist William James’s concept of:A. sea of ideas. C. river of thoughts.B. ports of call. D. stream of consciousness.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2CNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding
66. Which of the following psychologists is most closely associated with the school of functionalism?A. Sigmund Freud C. Wilhelm WundtB. B.F. Skinner D. William James
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2CNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
67. With respect to the psychology of emotion, William James would be most interested in:A. the contribution of unconscious memories to one’s emotional experience.B. the basic nature of an emotional feeling or experience.C. how emotions aid one’s adaptation to the environment.D. one’s subjective interpretation of one’s emotions.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2CNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Analyzing
68. Functionalism has been criticized because it:A. does not include elements of the nature/nurture debate.B. sometimes lacks scientific rigor.C. focuses on narrow parts of problems rather than on the whole.D. does not take into account the way children process information.
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2CNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding
69. Functionalism has influenced each of the following pursuits EXCEPT:A. determining the function of religion.B. developing better ways of applying divergent thinking and creativity in the classroom.C. determining teaching methods based on how children’s minds process information.D. developing reward and punishment programs and token economies.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2CNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding
70. Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species had its strongest influence on the ________ school of thought in psychology.A. functionalist C. structuralistB. humanistic D. psychoanalytic
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2CNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
71. According to the concept of survival of the fittest:A. random mutations are always adaptive.B. only the biggest animals will survive.C. organisms that are most adaptive to their environments are most likely to survive.D. organisms that can spontaneously mutate their genes in response to the environment are most likely to survive.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2CNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
72. Paul researches how cooperation in humans increases our ability to survive and successfully raise children. Paul uses a(n) ________ approach in his research.A. structuralist C. evolutionaryB. functionalist D. cognitive
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2CNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying
73. Lucinda is afraid of dogs. Her psychologist, Dr. Lee, believes her fear is part of an adaptive response that has helped our species survive. Which psychological approach does Dr. Lee follow?A. psycholanalysis C. socialB. behaviorism D. evolutionary
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2CNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Applying
74. Will believes that most modern men prefer young and healthy female partners because this preference increases the likelihood of the survival of our genetic ancestors. Which psychological approach does Will believe?A. social C. functionalistB. evolutionary D. cognitive
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2CNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding
75. The idea that the mind came into existence over the course of human evolution is the viewpoint of:A. structuralism. C. behaviorism.B. functionalism. D. none of the above.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Functionalism Addressed the Purpose of Behavior OBJ: 1.2CNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
76. Gestalt psychology is best seen as a reaction against the ________ approach.A. functionalist C. psychoanalyticB. humanistic D. structuralist
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Gestalt Psychology Emphasized Patterns and Context in LearningOBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Remembering
77. Which of the following psychologists is most closely associated with the Gestalt school of thought?A. Sigmund Freud C. Wolfgang KöhlerB. B.F. Skinner D. William James
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Gestalt Psychology Emphasized Patterns and Context in LearningOBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Remembering
78. The school of Gestalt:A. is based on the idea that the whole is different than the sum of its parts.B. includes the role of environment on behavior.C. examines how social situations influence behavior.D. is based on scientifically researched forms of therapy.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Gestalt Psychology Emphasized Patterns and Context in LearningOBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Remembering
79. Gestalt psychology is LEAST relevant to our understanding of which of the following topics?A. subjective experience C. visual perceptionB. human personality D. cellular neuroscience
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Gestalt Psychology Emphasized Patterns and Context in LearningOBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Understanding
80. Marty is an artist. He does not like when people talk about the separate parts of his pictures because he believes that looking at the complete picture is most important. Marty’s opinion is similar to the ________ approach.A. structuralist C. GestaltB. behaviorist D. psychoanalytic
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Gestalt Psychology Emphasized Patterns and Context in LearningOBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Applying
81. Roberto studies music preferences. Roberto claims that it is useless to isolate and listen to only a rhythm, a violin part, or another single aspect of music because perceiving the complete piece is most important. Roberto’s opinion is similar to the ________ approach.A. structuralist C. behavioristB. Gestalt D. psychoanalytic
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Gestalt Psychology Emphasized Patterns and Context in LearningOBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Applying
82. Which of the following types of evidence provided the foundation for Freudian theory?A. survey responses of large samples of adultsB. observations of adults in everyday contextsC. case studies of patients in therapyD. laboratory studies of animal behavior
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Freud Emphasized Unconscious ConflictsOBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Remembering
83. Which of the following psychologists is most closely associated with the concept of the unconscious?A. Sigmund Freud C. Wilhelm WundtB. B.F. Skinner D. William James
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Freud Emphasized Unconscious ConflictsOBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Remembering
84. The unconscious mind influences human behavior, according to:A. structuralism. C. functionalism.B. psychoanalysis. D. behaviorism.
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Freud Emphasized Unconscious ConflictsOBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Remembering
85. Noreen asserts that our behavior often reflects unconscious motives and conflicts. This viewpoint is most consistent with the ________ approach in psychology.A. Freudian C. GestaltB. structuralist D. behaviorist
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Freud Emphasized Unconscious ConflictsOBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Understanding
86. The theories of Sigmund Freud and his followers:A. are based on the idea that much of human behavior is determined by mental processes operating below the level of conscious awareness.B. emphasize the functions served by the mind.C. emphasize the concept that the whole is different than the sum of its parts.D. state that behavior can be altered by the application of reinforcement and punishment.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Freud Emphasized Unconscious ConflictsOBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Remembering
87. Psychoanalysis is a type of psychological treatment developed by ________, a Viennese neurologist.A. Wilhelm Wundt C. Wolfgang KöhlerB. Sigmund Freud D. Edward Titchener
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Freud Emphasized Unconscious ConflictsOBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Remembering
88. “Why am I so depressed?” asked Phia. “Obviously,” said Dr. Fox, “you have inner, unconscious turmoil that we need to explore.” Dr. Fox takes a(n) ________ approach to psychology.A. evolutionary C. functionalistB. psychoanalytic D. Gestalt
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Freud Emphasized Unconscious ConflictsOBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Applying
89. Mandy is talking about her problems on a radio talk show. The host explains that these problems came about because of Mandy’s unconscious internal struggles. This explanation is consistent with the ________ approach in psychology.A. behaviorist C. evolutionaryB. structuralist D. psychoanalytic
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Freud Emphasized Unconscious ConflictsOBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Applying
90. The psychological approach that emphasizes the role of the environment in influencing behavior is:A. behaviorism. C. psychoanalytic.B. humanism. D. none of the above.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Behaviorism Studied Environmental ForcesOBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Remembering
91. Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, “Psychologists should study that which is observable”?A. a cognitive psychologistB. a behavioral psychologistC. a developmental psychologistD. an industrial/organizational psychologist
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Behaviorism Studied Environmental ForcesOBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional DevelopmentMSC: Analyzing
92. “I think therefore I behave”—a version of Descartes’s statement “I think therefore I am”—indicates the importance of ________ on behavior and would not be agreed with by a behaviorist.A. reflexes C. environmentB. mental functions D. the unconscious
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Behaviorism Studied Environmental ForcesOBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Understanding
93. Which of the following is NOT one of the questions behaviorism has attempted to answer?A. Which is more important, nature or nurture?B. Does environment influence behavior?C. How can rewards and punishments influence behavior?D. How can the unconscious be described by neuroscience?
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Behaviorism Studied Environmental ForcesOBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Analyzing
94. Which psychologist would be most dismayed by the emphasis on mental processes in modern psychology?A. Sigmund Freud C. Edward TitchenerB. Wilhelm Wundt D. John Watson
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 Behaviorism Studied Environmental ForcesOBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Understanding
95. Damon thinks that it is impossible to study the experience of consciousness. Instead, he believes psychologists should focus only on the actions people take and why they take them. Damon believes in the ________ approach to psychology.A. structuralist C. evolutionaryB. behaviorist D. psychoanalytic
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Behaviorism Studied Environmental ForcesOBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Understanding
96. In which order did the behaviorists discussed in your text make their most important contributions to the field, from the earliest to the most recent?A. Watson, Pavlov, Skinner C. Pavlov, Skinner, WatsonB. Pavlov, Watson, Skinner D. Skinner, Watson, Pavlov
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 Behaviorism Studied Environmental ForcesOBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Understanding
97. Leyna conducts research with puppies to determine if punishing them for inappropriate behavior will be more effective than rewarding them for appropriate behavior. In this example, Leyna is using a(n) ________ approach in her research.A. functionalist C. behavioristB. structuralist D. psychoanalytic
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Behaviorism Studied Environmental ForcesOBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Applying
98. Information processing views the brain as ________ and the mind as ________.A. a program; a data port C. hardware; softwareB. structure; function D. a program; input
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Cognitive Approaches Emphasized Mental Activity OBJ: 1.2CNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding
99. Which of the following psychologists is most closely associated with the cognitive revolution?A. George Miller C. Sigmund FreudB. B.F. Skinner D. William James
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Cognitive Approaches Emphasized Mental Activity OBJ: 1.2CNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
100. Which of the following developments was most important in the rise of the cognitive approach in psychology?A. the identification of the unconsciousB. the understanding of the effects of reward and punishment on behavior and thinkingC. the emergence of computersD. the ability to identify different kinds of neurons
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 Cognitive Approaches Emphasized Mental Activity OBJ: 1.2CNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding
101. Which area of psychology studies how the mind processes, stores, and retrieves information?A. cognitive C. behaviorismB. structuralism D. functionalism
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.2 Cognitive Approaches Emphasized Mental Activity OBJ: 1.2CNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
102. Recall your text’s discussion of the cognitive approach in psychology. During which decade did cognitive neuroscience become an influential field in cognitive psychology?A. the 1960s C. the 1990sB. the 1970s D. the 2000s
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Cognitive Approaches Emphasized Mental Activity OBJ: 1.2CNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
103. Which of the following statements best captures historical trends in the cognitive approach in psychology?A. In the 1970s, cognitive psychology emphasized the mind; today, it focuses mostly on behavior.B. In the 1970s, cognitive psychology emphasized the mind; today, it focuses mainly on the brain.C. In the 1970s, cognitive psychology emphasized the brain; today, it focuses on the mind along with the brain.D. In the 1970s, cognitive psychology emphasized the mind; today, it focuses on both the mind and the brain.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 Cognitive Approaches Emphasized Mental Activity OBJ: 1.2CNAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Understanding
104. Which of the following phenomena would likely be studied by social psychologists?A. strategies leaders use to influence other people’s behaviorsB. how animals differ in their sensitivities to reward and punishmentC. which category of perceptual images is most likely to be identified quicklyD. which neurons are activated when people look at different shapes
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Social Psychology Studies How Situations Shape Behavior OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional DevelopmentMSC: Applying
105. Which of the following psychologists are most closely associated with social psychology?A. Watson and Skinner C. Freud and JungB. Allport and Lewin D. Titchener and Wundt
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Social Psychology Studies How Situations Shape Behavior OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Remembering
106. With respect to the historical development of the field of social psychology, which of the following statements is most accurate?A. Social psychology clearly reflects the continuing influence of the psychodynamic approach.B. Social psychology initially reflected the influence of the cognitive perspective; today, though, the field is heavily behavioristic.C. Social psychology initially reflected the influence of the psychodynamic perspective; today, though, the field is more cognitive in orientation.D. Social psychology has always reflected the impact of the Gestalt psychologists.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 Social Psychology Studies How Situations Shape Behavior OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Understanding
107. Dr. Nick studies how the color and lighting in a room can influence how people interact with each other during a conversation. Which approach is Dr. Nick using in his research?A. cognitive C. personalityB. social D. cognitive neuroscience
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 Social Psychology Studies How Situations Shape Behavior OBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Applying
108. Which of the following psychologists are most closely associated with humanistic psychology?A. Watson and Skinner C. Freud and JungB. Allport and Lewin D. Rogers and Maslow
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Science Informs Psychological TreatmentsOBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Remembering
109. Humanism, championed by Maslow and Rogers, changed therapy by:A. developing new techniques for questioning and listening to patients.B. giving rise to greater use of imagery in therapy.C. examining illogical cognitive processes.D. using drug therapies to lessen symptoms.
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.2 Science Informs Psychological TreatmentsOBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Remembering
110. Which of the following is a FALSE statement regarding the development of psychological therapy?A. In the last four decades, a scientific approach to the treatment of psychological disorders has emerged.B. The scientific approach to the treatment of psychological disorders has mirrored general advances in psychological science.C. Most modern psychological therapies were developed using the scientific approach.D. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow were the first to emphasize the use of the scientific approach.
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 Science Informs Psychological TreatmentsOBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Understanding
111. Which of the following statements best captures the view of contemporary psychological science with respect to the origin of behavioral and mental disorders?A. Psychological disorders are best understood from an environmental— nurture—perspective.B. Psychological disorders are best understood from a biological—nature—perspective.C. Psychological disorders are best understood as resulting from the inseparable interaction of nature and nurture.D. Psychological disorders were originally thought to be caused entirely by biological factors but are now known to largely reflect environmental factors.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.2 Science Informs Psychological TreatmentsOBJ: 1.2C NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Understanding
112. Which of the following areas has played a role in better understanding the biology of psychology?A. advances in brain chemistryB. advances in neuroscienceC. advances in understanding the human genomeD. all of the above
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 Biology Is Increasingly Emphasized in Explaining Psychological PhenomenaOBJ: 1.3A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Remembering
113. The area of science that focuses on studying the working brain is called:A. psychological science. C. psychobiological science.B. biological science. D. neuroscience.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 Biology Is Increasingly Emphasized in Explaining Psychological PhenomenaOBJ: 1.3A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Remembering
114. Your text reviews three general developments in biology that have helped fuel the development of psychological science. Which of the following is NOT among these developments?A. developments in the understanding of brain chemistryB. mapping the human genomeC. evolutionary evidence that proves that the mind developed from the brainD. brain scan methods that allow scientists to watch a working brain
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Biology Is Increasingly Emphasized in Explaining Psychological PhenomenaOBJ: 1.3A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Analyzing
115. A genome is a:A. genetic blueprint. C. mythical creature.B. sex chromosome. D. component of DNA.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 Biology Is Increasingly Emphasized in Explaining Psychological PhenomenaOBJ: 1.3A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Remembering
116. According to ________ theory, the brain has adapted over millions of years to solve problems related to survival and reproduction.A. adaptational C. the nature/nurtureB. evolutionary D. the neurochemical
ANS: B DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 Evolutionary Thinking Is Increasingly Influential OBJ: 1.3ANAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology MSC: Remembering
117. Which of the following is NOT an example of a question scientists might ask regarding evolutionary adaptations in humans?A. Why do people like sweets and foods high in fat?B. Why do young children develop a fear of heights, as shown in visual cliff studies?C. How has walking upright increased human survival?D. Can you learn to adapt your note-taking style from a lecture to small-group discussion classes?
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Evolutionary Thinking Is Increasingly Influential OBJ: 1.3ANAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying
118. Relative to human biological evolution, cultural evolution has occurred:A. much slower. C. much faster.B. at about the same speed. D. There is no way to know.
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 Culture Provides Adaptive SolutionsOBJ: 1.3A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Remembering
119. Which of the following statements best captures the relationship between cultural evolution and biological evolution?A. Cultural evolution sets the stage for biological evolution.B. Cultural evolution has taken over biological evolution.C. Cultural evolution has occurred more rapidly than biological evolution.D. Cultural evolution works against biological evolution.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 Culture Provides Adaptive SolutionsOBJ: 1.3A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Understanding
120. Almost anywhere you travel in the world you can find a McDonald’s restaurant or T-shirts with American logos. Researchers theorize that this phenomenon is part of a process that accelerates cultural evolution. What is this process called?A. urbanization C. globalizationB. commercial warfare D. world exchange
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 Culture Provides Adaptive SolutionsOBJ: 1.3A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Applying
121. Which cultural group is most likely to focus on single elements of the foreground in an image rather than on the entire image?A. Eastern culturesB. Western culturesC. both Western and Eastern culturesD. neither Western nor Eastern cultures
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Culture Provides Adaptive SolutionsOBJ: 1.3A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 3, Ethical and Social Responsibility in a Diverse World MSC: Remembering
122. Which cultural group is most likely to focus on an entire image rather than the single elements of its foreground?A. Eastern culturesB. Western culturesC. both Western and Eastern culturesD. neither Western nor Eastern cultures
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Culture Provides Adaptive SolutionsOBJ: 1.3A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 3, Ethical and Social Responsibility in a Diverse World MSC: Remembering
123. According to research conducted by Richard Nisbett, ________ tend to be ________ in their thinking.A. Western cultures; holisticB. Eastern cultures; holisticC. both Western and Eastern cultures; holisticD. both Western and Eastern cultures; analytic
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Culture Provides Adaptive SolutionsOBJ: 1.3A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 3, Ethical and Social Responsibility in a Diverse World MSC: Remembering
124. Which of the following statements best summarizes the role of culture in shaping behaviors?A. Culture has a minor role that is far secondary to biology.B. Culture plays an important role in shaping our behaviors.C. Cultural experiences allow us to break down complex ideas.D. Culture affects only social behaviors and not the way we think.
ANS: B DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 Culture Provides Adaptive SolutionsOBJ: 1.3A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking | APA Goal 3, Ethical and Social Responsibility in a Diverse WorldMSC: Understanding
125. Dr. Scott is testing whether cultural norms about emotion influence neural responses to different emotional expressions. Dr. Scott’s research is in the area of:A. evolutionary psychology. C. bicultural psychology.B. sociobiology. D. cultural neuroscience.
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Culture Provides Adaptive SolutionsOBJ: 1.3A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 3, Ethical and Social Responsibility in a Diverse World MSC: Applying
126. Psychological science crosses which level(s) of analysis?A. biological C. individualB. social D. all of the above
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Remembering
127. Which of the following is an example of research done at the individual level of analysis?A. examining how neurotransmitters change when recalling a painful memoryB. studying how different personality traits can influence job successC. testing whether people perform an easy skill better alone or in front of a groupD. exploring how the country one grows up in influences how one interprets nonverbal cues
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying
128. Which of the following is an example of research done at the biological level of analysis?A. exploring how patterns of brain activity change under hypnosisB. examining how mood can influence how we process persuasive argumentsC. researching how large and small groups function in problem-solving tasksD. testing how one’s society influences how one explains failure and success
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying
129. Which of the following is an example of research done at the social level of analysis?A. testing whether people perform a new skill better alone or in front of a groupB. examining how brain chemicals change when recalling a happy memoryC. testing how one’s culture influences how one explains personal failure and successD. examining how sadness can influence how we process persuasive arguments
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying
130. Which of the following is an example of research done at the cultural level of analysis?A. examining how large and small groups compromise during negotiationsB. studying how different personality traits can influence overall life satisfactionC. testing how patterns of brain activity change under the influence of drugsD. exploring how the country one grows up in influences how one interprets nonverbal cues
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3A NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying
131. Careers in psychology that are expected to grow in the future include:A. working with older adults. C. homeland security.B. working with soldiers. D. all of the above.
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional DevelopmentMSC: Remembering
132. Which of the following would be an example of the biological level of analysis?A. examining how the death of a spouse results in changes in serotonin in the brainB. examining whether a person’s personality is enduring or changing across the life spanC. examining how being in a group changes whether a person will engage in illegal behaviorD. examining how different cultures define mental illness
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Applying
133. You catch your 12-year-old sister smoking. She says that she likes to smoke because her friends smoke. You tell her she does it because she is addicted. Which of the following terms correspond to the stated levels of analysis for the smoking behavior?A. cultural, psychological C. social, psychologicalB. cultural, biological D. social, biological
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Applying
134. An interpersonal level of analysis falls into which of the following categories for understanding behavior?A. biological C. psychologicalB. perceptual D. social
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Remembering
135. Which type of psychologist studies how people are affected by the presence of others?A. developmental C. socialB. cultural D. clinical
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional DevelopmentMSC: Remembering
136. Ethnomusicology examines music preferences from the ________ level of analysis.A. biological C. socialB. individual D. cultural
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in PsychologyMSC: Remembering
137. Which area of psychology studies how shared ideas and behaviors are passed from one generation to the next?A. biological C. culturalB. individual D. none of the above
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional DevelopmentMSC: Remembering
138. Which level of analysis in psychology is correctly matched with an example?A. Cultural level: At low doses, cocaine can improve performance on visual attention tasks, such as detecting specific stimuli appearing on a computer screen.B. Individual level: Cocaine abuse is associated with a history of violence and sexual abuse in the family.C. Biological level: Cocaine exerts its effects by prolonging the presence of specific chemicals at the junctions between nerve cells.D. Cultural level: Cocaine abuse is associated with high levels of the personality trait of neuroticism and with low levels of the trait of conscientiousness.
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Understanding
139. Which level of analysis in psychology is correctly matched with an example?A. biological—testing how men and women differ in negotiationsB. individual—examining how large and small groups compromise during negotiationsC. social—studying what personality traits make one a better negotiatorD. cultural—exploring how the country in which one grows up impacts negotiation skills
ANS: D DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 2, Scientific Inquiry and Critical Thinking MSC: Understanding
140. Dr. Alvarez studies how the degeneration of certain components of nerve cells in the brain might contribute to the development of multiple sclerosis. Dr. Alvarez’s work best exemplifies the ________ subfield of psychology.A. cognitive C. developmentalB. social D. biological
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional DevelopmentMSC: Understanding
141. Which of the following subfields of psychology is INCORRECTLY matched with its description?A. neuroscience—examines the relationship between the nervous system and behaviorB. cognitive—examines how people grow and change from conception to deathC. industrial/organization—examines behavior and productivity in the workplaceD. clinical—deals with the study, diagnosis, and treatment of psychological disorders
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional DevelopmentMSC: Remembering
142. Which of the following subfields in psychology is correctly matched with an example?A. developmental—exploring how drug use rates differ by countryB. personality—testing how drug use rates differ across the life spanC. social—examining how friend groups influence each other’s drug useD. cultural—studying how certain personality traits lead to faster drug recovery
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional DevelopmentMSC: Understanding
143. Which of the following subfields of psychology is correctly matched with a sample topic?A. cognitive psychology—the influence of emotions on decision makingB. developmental psychology—the effectiveness of drug therapy for obsessive-compulsive disorderC. counseling—the role of neurotransmitter deficits in schizophreniaD. clinical—the development of valid achievement tests for elementary school students
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional DevelopmentMSC: Understanding
144. Topics such as perception, thinking, and learning are studied by ________ psychologists.A. organizational C. personalityB. developmental D. cognitive
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional DevelopmentMSC: Remembering
145. Dr. Ebrahim examines how children’s friendships change through the elementary and middle school years. Dr. Ebrahim is a(n) ________ psychologist.A. developmental C. cognitiveB. personality D. organizational
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional DevelopmentMSC: Applying
146. Dr. Chen studies several traits that distinguish one person from another. Dr. Doherty investigates how people grow and change during late adolescence and young adulthood. Dr. Chen is a ________ psychologist; Dr. Doherty is a ________.A. personality; personality psychologist, tooB. personality; developmental psychologistC. developmental; personality psychologistD. developmental; developmental psychologist, too
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional DevelopmentMSC: Applying
147. Dr. Growe is reading an article reporting research in which psychologists investigated the effect of group size on the conformity of group members. Dr. Growe is most likely reading the Journal of ________ Psychology.A. Developmental C. CulturalB. Social D. Personality
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional DevelopmentMSC: Understanding
148. Dr. Lin studies obesity. She believes that the likelihood of obesity is related to levels of the trait of agreeableness. In which subfield is Dr. Lin most likely to work?A. personality psychology C. counseling psychologyB. social psychology D. developmental psychology
ANS: A DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional DevelopmentMSC: Applying
149. Which type of psychologists study, assess, and treat individuals with psychological disorders?A. school C. clinicalB. personality D. cognitive
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional DevelopmentMSC: Remembering
150. Clinical psychologists work with individuals:A. with severe mental illness. C. with marital and family concerns.B. with daily stressors. D. needing career advice.
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional DevelopmentMSC: Remembering
151. A married couple experiencing relationship difficulties is best advised to consult a ________ psychologist.A. social C. personalityB. clinical D. counseling
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional DevelopmentMSC: Understanding
152. Workplace training and job placement would be of interest to which type of psychologist?A. counseling C. industrial/organizationalB. clinical D. developmental
ANS: C DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional DevelopmentMSC: Understanding
153. The psychologists most likely to work in business are ________ psychologists.A. organizational C. experimentalB. clinical D. developmental
ANS: A DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional DevelopmentMSC: Remembering
154. Kim spent years studying children in a remote village. To understand how their behavior and mental processes change over time, she would like to study them over the course of their lifetimes. Kim is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.A. personality C. cognitiveB. school D. developmental
ANS: D DIF: Easy REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional DevelopmentMSC: Applying
155. General Mills wants to design new cereal packaging that is easy for parents to open but hard for infants to open. To make sure it understands the capabilities and limitations of both age groups, it should hire a(n) ________ psychologist.A. biological C. developmentalB. cognitive D. industrial/organizational
ANS: C DIF: Difficult REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional DevelopmentMSC: Applying
156. Which of the following is a research question that a personality psychologist might study?A. What team processes make some teams more successful than others?B. What individual traits lead to deviant behavior and criminal activity?C. What are the best therapies for obsessive-compulsive disorder?D. What interventions would reduce the rate of mental illness in homeless populations?
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional DevelopmentMSC: Applying
157. Emily has created an individualized program to teach coping strategies to each child with learning disabilities. Emily is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.A. school C. counselingB. developmental D. cognitive
ANS: A DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional DevelopmentMSC: Applying
158. Duane studies the relationship between hormone levels and people’s abilities to cope with stress. In which subfield of psychology does Duane conduct research?A. evolutionary C. biologicalB. social D. developmental
ANS: C DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional DevelopmentMSC: Applying
159. Mindy is a psychologist who was just hired to try to improve the morale and motivation of the workers in her company. Mindy is probably a(n) ________ psychologist.A. personality C. clinical/counselingB. social D. industrial/organizational
ANS: D DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional DevelopmentMSC: Applying
160. Jane has a phobia of public speaking. To help her overcome her phobia, she decided to consult a ________ psychologist.A. personality C. counselingB. clinical D. social
ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: 1.3 Psychological Science Now Crosses Levels of Analysis OBJ: 1.3B NAT: APA Goal 1, Knowledge Base in Psychology | APA Goal 5, Professional DevelopmentMSC: Understanding

Saturday, August 26, 2017

Successful Project Management 6th Edition Solution

CHAPTER 1: Project Management Concepts

Chapter Concepts. 2
Learning Outcomes. 2
Project Management Knowledge Areas from PMBOK® Guide. 2
Teaching Strategies. 2
Lecture Notes. 3

Real-World Project Management Examples. 3

Vignette A: World Bank Success Factors. 3
Vignette B: Hoover Dam Generates Project Management Techniques in Addition to Hydroelectricity. 4

Questions. 13
Internet Exercises. 16
Case Study #1 A Not-For-Profit Organization. 16
Answers to Case Questions. 16
Group Activity. 16
Case Study #2 E-Commerce for a Small Supermarket 16
Answers to Case Questions. 17
Group Activity. 17
Optional Activity. 17
Optional Supplemental Activities. 17

Chapter Concepts

This chapter presents an overview of project management concepts. Based upon this chapter, students will become familiar with the

Definition of a project and its attributes
Key constraints within which a project must be managed
Life cycle of a project
Definition of project management
Elements of the project management process
Identification and engagement of stakeholders
Implications of global project management
Project Management Institute
Benefits of project management

Learning Outcomes

After studying this chapter, the learner should be able to:

Define what a project is
List and discuss the attributes of a project
Explain what is meant by project objective
Define what is meant by project deliverable
Provide examples of projects
Discuss project constraints
Describe the phases of the project life cycle
Define and apply project management
Discuss the steps of the planning process
Identify the three elements of the executing process
Create a stakeholder register
Discuss stakeholder engagement
Discuss some implications of global project management
Discuss the Project Management Institute
List benefits of project management techniques

Project Management Knowledge Areas from PMBOK® Guide

Concepts in this chapter support the following Project Management Knowledge Areas of
A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK^® Guide):

Project Integration Management
Project Stakeholder Management

Teaching Strategies

Let the students know that this course isn’t only for project managers. It is also for anyone involved in working on a project.
Stress to them that what makes projects successful are the people involved. In order for this class to be successful they must actively be involved.
Encourage all students to participate by asking them to identify projects they have been involved in during their life.
For each project ask them what the objective was, what the constraints were, what the schedule was, and what resources were used.
Ask them if they can identify any project managers in the real world. If they get stuck, give them some hints to think about, like sports or music.
Ask your students to discuss something they did during the past summer or winter break, such as take a vacation, go to a concert, or watch a play.
Ask them how those activities relate to project management.
The Internet exercises in this chapter are very important. They involve the investigation of the Project Management Institute’s website. Inform the class that since it was founded in 1969, the Project Management Institute (PMI) membership is approaching 500,000 members in nearly 200 countries and has about 270 chapters in more than 80 countries. The association has over 30 online communities of practice. Pennsylvania-based PMI is, by far, the leading nonprofit professional association in the area of project management. It establishes standards, sponsors seminars, develops educational programs, has a professional certification program, and publishes Project Management Journal and PM Network. It has an excellent website for project management. Students can have some fun with this site.

Lecture Notes

1. Real-World Project Management Examples

Vignette A: World Bank Success Factors

Many World Bank project have failed in the past, nearly half. International development projects are complex. Critical success factors were found to lead to increased probability of success of international development projects.

International development projects are undertaken by the World Bank through partner organizations to prepare, implement, and evaluate complex projects.

o   Strict guidelines are overseen by the World Bank project supervisor and the national Project Management unit national project coordinator.
o   Day-to-day project management of the international development projects is the responsibility of the partner organization.
o   An independent evaluation group completes an assessment two years after a project is completed or aborted to determine the relevance, efficiency, and effectiveness of the terminated project.

Project success is measured by the relevance, efficiency, and effectiveness.

o   Relevance — how well the project outcomes meet the priorities of the target group
o   Efficiency — the use of the least costly resources to achieve the desired results indicated in the project plan
o   Effectiveness — extent the project objectives, those proposed and those created through change management of the project during its implementation, are met

Other evaluation measures

o Sustainability of the project
o Project’s impact for making change for the target group

Causes for lack of successful projects

o   Managerial and organizational issues
o   Project design
o   Stakeholder management
o   Implementation delays
o   Cost overrun
o   Lack of coordination
o   Misunderstanding of the political, cultural, technical, and environmental conditions of the project location

Critical Success Factors

o   Monitoring — well documented project progress and Stringent reporting and controlling the project’s performance
o   Coordination — increased communication and level of involvement of the World Bank project supervisors and coordinators
o   Design — develop increasingly rigorous project plans to emphasize results-based management
o   Training — the complexity of the environment
o   Institutional environment

Vignette B: Hoover Dam Generates Project Management Techniques in Addition to Hydroelectricity

The Hoover Dam project is probably the largest infrastructure project in the U.S. The project finished 2 years ahead of schedule and $15 million below budget. Rigorous and aggressive scheduling and implementation of innovative technology under the guidance of an experienced project manager made the project successful. Many of the techniques developed for the Hoover Dam project are still in use for DOE projects today.

Issues related to flooding and silt accumulation in canals influenced the study and approval to complete the construction of the Hoover Dam in Black Canyon.

o   $165 million project finished two years ahead of schedule and $15 million under budget.
o   Collaboration of Six Companies, Inc. successfully balanced resources to manage the challenges of completing one of the largest infrastructure projects ever built in the United States.
o   The 1930s in the United States was experiencing a time of depression, limited project implementation, and reduced production of goods and services.

Why successful

o   Thorough analysis of the need
o   Development of the proposed solution to establish the feasibility
o   Strong oversight of the project performance
o   Innovative funding to secure adequate resources

Project details

o   Financial planning — overbid the creation of the tunnels and the rock removal and a low bid for concrete installation allowed for increased cash income up front to fund the surety bond required for the project
o   Project planning — 119 separate projects
o   Incentives — $3,000 per day fine was imposed for any delays and incentive bonus for completing the project early and under budget
o   Workers — salaries paid to the workers were greater than other skilled workers in the United States in the 1930s
o   Management – timesaving and efficient construction methods using workers and machinery, and outsourcing where appropriate

Lessons Learned

o   Project sponsors must know what they can afford
o   Project sponsors must have open communications, trust, and coordination with the contractor
o   Project leaders must be dedicated to the success of the project
o   Contract incentives must be clear and provide adequate compensation for risks and resources used
These are great short stories that can get the class discussion moving forward. Each of these projects (successes or failures) should have included serious planning, scheduling, organization, teamwork, communications, and leadership—all of which will be discussed in detail in this course.

2. Project Attributes

A. Definition of a Project

A project is an endeavor to accomplish a specific objective through a unique set of interrelated activities and the effective utilization of resources. The following attributes help define a project:

A project has a clear objective that establishes what is to be accomplished. It is the tangible end product that the project team must produce and deliver. The project objective is usually defined in terms of end product or deliverable, schedule, and budget. Furthermore, it is expected that the work scope will be accomplished in a quality manner and to the customer’s satisfaction.
A project is carried out through a set of interdependent activities (also referred to as tasks) in a certain sequence in order to achieve the project objective.
A project utilizes various resources to carry out the activities.
A project has a specific time frame, or finite life span — a start time and a date by which the objective must be accomplished.
A project may be a unique or one-time endeavor such as developing a new product, designing and building a space station, building a house, or planning a wedding.
A project has a sponsor or customer that provides the funds necessary to accomplish the project. In a business setting, the customer can be internal or external to your organization.
Finally, a project involves a degree of uncertainty based on certain assumptions and estimates the project budget, schedule, and work scope.

B. Examples of Projects

Get your students to list as many examples of real projects as they can. For each example listed, discuss some of the attributes listed above. Some examples are:

Staging a theatrical production
Developing and introducing a new product
Developing a set of Apps for mobile business transactions
Planning a wedding
Modernizing a factory
Designing and implementing a computer system
Converting a basement to a family room
Organizing and hosting a conference
Designing and producing a brochure
Executing an environmental cleanup of a contaminated site
Holding a high school reunion
Building a shopping mall
Performing a series of surgeries on an accident victim
Organizing a community festival
Consolidating two manufacturing plants
Rebuilding a town after a natural disaster
Hosting a dinner for 20 relatives
Designing a business internship program for high school students
Building a tree house

3. Balancing Project Constraints

A. Project Constraints

The successful accomplishment of the project objective is usually constrained by many factors, including scope, quality, schedule, budget, resources, risks, customer satisfaction, and stakeholder support.

Project scope is all the work that must be done in order to produce all the project deliverables (the tangible product or items to be provided), satisfy the customer that the deliverables meet the requirements or acceptance criteria, and accomplish the project objective.
Quality expectations must be defined from the onset of the project. The project work scope must be accomplished in a quality manner and meet specifications.
The schedule for a project is the timetable that specifies when each activity should start and finish. The project objective usually states the time by which the project scope must be completed in terms of a specific date agreed upon by the sponsor and the organization performing the project.
The budget of a project is the amount the sponsor or customer has agreed to pay for acceptable project deliverables. The project budget is based on estimated costs associated with the quantities of various resources that will be used to perform the project.
Various resources are needed to perform the project activities, produce the project deliverables, and accomplish the project objective. Resources include people, materials, equipment, facilities, and so forth.
Risks adversely affect accomplishing the project objective
Customer’s satisfaction goes beyond just completing the project scope within budget and on schedule or asking if the customer is satisfied at the end of the project. It means not only meeting the customer’s expectations but also developing and maintaining an excellent working relationship throughout the project.
The project manager and team need to build relationships with, and engage, the various stakeholders who may influence or may be affected by the project, in order to gain their support.

During the project, it is sometimes challenging to balance or juggle these factors, which often constrain one another and could jeopardize accomplishing the project objective. See Figure 1.1. To help ensure the achievement of the project objective, the project team should develop a plan before starting the project work rather than jumping in and starting without a plan. Lack of a plan decreases the chances of successfully accomplishing the full project scope within budget and on schedule.

B. Unforeseen Circumstances

Once a project has started, unforeseen circumstances may jeopardize the achievement of the project objective with respect to scope, cost, or schedule.

Examples:

o   Some materials cost more than originally estimated.
o   Inclement weather causes a delay.
o   Additional redesign and modifications to a sophisticated new medical instrument are required to get it to meet the performance specifications and government testing requirements.
o   Delivery of a critical component for an aviation control system is delayed several months.
o   Environmental contaminants are discovered when excavating for a new building.
o   A key project team member with unique technical knowledge decides to retire, which creates a gap in critical expertise.

Actions by the project manager

o   Prevent, anticipate, and/or overcome such circumstances in order to complete the project scope on schedule, within budget, and to the customer’s satisfaction.
o   Have good planning and communication — essential to prevent problems from occurring and to minimize their impact.
o   Be responsible for ensuring the customer is satisfied. This goes beyond just completing the project scope within budget and on schedule. It requires ongoing communication with the customer.

4. The Project Life Cycle

A. Overview of a Project Life Cycle

The generic project life cycle has four phases: initiating, planning, performing, and closing the project. See Figure 1.2

The time span of each phase and the associated level of effort will vary depending on the specific project.
Project life cycles vary in length from a few weeks to several years, depending on the content, complexity, and magnitude of the project.

B. Initiating Phase

In the initiating phase, projects are identified and selected, and then authorized using a document referred to as a project charter.

First phase of the project life cycle
Involves the identification of a need, problem, or opportunity and can result in the sponsor’s authorizing a project to address the identified need or solve the problem

o   May take several months to identify the need, gather data, and define the project objective
o   Important to define the right need
o   Needs are often defined as part of an organization’s strategic planning process

Organizations must have a project selection process to determine what projects to pursue
Project charter includes:

o   Rationale or justification for the project
o   Project objective and expected benefits
o   General requirements and conditions such as amount of funds authorized, required completion date, major deliverables, and required reviews and approvals, and key assumptions

If external resources will be used, organizations develop a request for proposals asking contractors to submit proposals describing how address need, associated costs, and schedule

C. Planning Phase

The planning phase includes defining the project scope, identifying resources, developing a schedule and budget, and identifying risks, all of which make up the baseline plan for doing the project work.

Second phase of the project life cycle
Show how the project scope will be accomplished within budget and on schedule
Plan the work and work the plan
Detailed plan results in a baseline plan

o   What needs to be done — scope, deliverable
o   How it will get done — activities, sequence
o   Who will do it — resources, responsibilities
o   How long it will take — durations, schedule
o   How much it will cost — budget
o   What the risks are

Benchmark the baseline plan for comparison with actual progress
Include the people that will actually do the work in the planning process

o They have knowledge of detailed activities to be done
o Participation builds commitment

D. Performing Phase

In the performing phase, the project plan is executed and work activities are carried out to produce all the project deliverables and to accomplish the project objective. The project progress is monitored and controlled to ensure the work remains on schedule and within budget, the scope is fully completed according to specifications, and all deliverables meet acceptance criteria. Also, any changes need to be documented, approved, and incorporated into an updated baseline plan if necessary.

Third phase of the project life cycle
Project manager leads project team to complete project
Pace of the project increases as more and various resources are involved in the project
It is necessary to monitor and control the project’s progress by comparing accomplishments to the baseline plan
Corrective actions are taken if a project is off track
Changes are managed and controlled through documentation, approval, and communication with agreement between the sponsor and the contractor

o   Some change is trivial
o   Several alternative actions may be evaluated to determine the best approach to bring the project back within the scope, schedule, and budget constraints
o   Determine whether any sacrifices to scope, budget, schedule, or quality are necessary to accomplish the project
o   The cost of change varies with the timing in the project — generally, the later in the project that changes are identified, the greater their effect on accomplishing the project objective

The end of the phase, customer satisfaction, is achieved when the work and deliverables have been accepted by the customer and the project objective has been accomplished

E. Closing Phase

In the closing phase, project evaluations are conducted, lessons learned are identified and documented to help improve performance on future projects, and project documents are organized and archived.

The final phase of the project life cycle
Includes a variety of actions such as:

o   Collecting and making final payments
o   Recognizing and evaluating staff
o   Conducting a post project evaluation
o   Documenting lessons learned
o   Archiving project documents

Using a knowledge base to record lessons learned and post-project evaluation is helpful to retrieve the lessons and information that could support future business with the customer or other customers

5. Project Management Process

Project management is planning, organizing, coordinating, leading, and controlling resources to accomplish the project objective. The project management process involves planning the work (establishing the plan) and then working the plan (executing that plan).

A. Project Planning Process

Establish project objective — get agreement from sponsor and contractor
Define scope — include customer requirements, define major work activities, list deliverables and associated acceptance criteria
Create a work breakdown structure — translate a hierarchical decomposition of the project scope into work elements to be executed by the project team and produce the project deliverables. See Figure 1.3.
Assign responsibility — identify the person or organization responsible for each work item. See Figure 1.3.
Define specific activities — develop a list of detailed activities needed to perform each work package and produce any required documents
Sequence activities — create a network diagram that shows the necessary sequence and dependent relationships. See Figure 1.4.
Estimate activity resources — determine the types of resources needed for each activity, these may include people, materials, or equipment that are internal or external to the contractor
Estimate activity durations — make time estimates for how long each activity will take to be completed based on the estimate of resources available applied to each activity
Develop project schedule — determine the start and finish times for each activity to complete the project by its required completion date. See Figure 1.5.
Estimate activity costs — use the appropriate labor cost or unit cost rate for each type of resource to determine the cost of each activity
Determine budget — aggregate the costs associated with each activity and each work package and add indirect costs and profits to determine the costs of completing the project. Allocate the costs over time to determine the time-phased budget as shown in Figure 1.6.

B. Baseline Plan

The result of the planning process is a baseline plan. Taking the time to develop a well thought out plan is critical to the successful accomplishment of any project.

Many projects overrun their budgets, missed their completion dates, or only partially met their requirements because there was no viable baseline plan before the project was started.
The baseline plan for a project can be displayed in graphical or tabular format for each time period (week, month) from the start of the project to its completion.

o   The start and completion dates for each activity
o   The amounts of the various resources that will be needed during each time period
o   The budget for each time period as well as the cumulative budget from the start of the project through each time period

C. Executing the Project Plan

Once a baseline plan has been established, the plan must be executed. The executing process involves performing the work according to the plan, monitoring and controlling the work, and managing changes so that the project scope is achieved within the budget and schedule, to the customer’s satisfaction.

Perform the work — all activities are performed to produce the deliverables and meet their acceptance criteria with regular communication with stakeholders and the customer
Monitor and control progress — monitor the progress to see whether it is going according to plan, measure actual progress, take corrective action if activities are behind schedule
Control changes — changes to the work activities and to the project scope will occur for a variety of reasons and need to be agreed upon by the sponsor and the contractor

6. Stakeholder Engagement

Project stakeholders are individuals and entities involved in, or who may influence, or may be affected by a project, such as the customer/sponsor; project team, including the project manager, subcontractors, and consultants; end users or consumers; and advocacy groups.

Stakeholders include

o Customer/sponsor and the project team including subcontractors and suppliers
o Organizations or groups of people who may be supportive or adversarial or may want to be kept informed about the project because of potential impact

Create a stakeholder register as potential stakeholders are identified and include key contact information, role or specific topics of interest, expectations, any known issues, and areas of potential influence for each stakeholder.
Maintain in issue log of specific issues or concerns or questions that various stakeholders identify so that the project manager, project team, or sponsor/customer can address them and make sure they are not forgotten or dismissed without an adequate follow up and response.

7. Global Project Management

Globalization adds a unique dimension to managing projects. It changes the dynamics of the project and adds a layer of complexity that can adversely affect the project outcome if the project participants are not aware of what they might encounter regarding cultural differences and multinational economic transactions.

Factors can create a dynamic and perhaps unstable environment over the life of a project and include:

o   Currency fluctuations and exchange rates
o   Country-specific work codes and regulations, such as hours per day, holidays, and religious observances
o   Corporate joint ventures and partnerships creating entities with a presence and facilities in multiple countries
o   Political relations between countries
o   Availability of high-demand workforce skills

Competencies that are required or helpful for global project management success include:

o   Foreign language skills
o   Knowledge and understanding of other countries and cultures, geography, world history, and international economics
o   Awareness and understanding of cultures, customs, and etiquette
o   Awareness of the geopolitical environment
o   Technology adoption of translation software

8. Project Management Associations

A. Project Management Institute (PMI)

The Project Management Institute (PMI) is a premier worldwide not-for-profit association for practitioners in the project management profession and individuals who want to learn more about the profession.

o   Founded in 1969, PMI is approaching 500,000 members in more than 170 countries and has about 270 chapters in more than 80 countries.
o   Has over 30 online communities of practice where peers can collaborate on specific topics of interest
o   Publishes A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK^® Guide), which provides a framework of processes and guidelines for the application of project management concepts, practices, and techniques
o   Created the PMI Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct, which sets standards and establishes expectations for professional behavior
o   Offers a certification program that provides the opportunity to earn credentials in various project management disciplines

Additional and current information about the Project Management Institute can be found at www.pmi.org.

B. Project Management Associations around the Globe

Many other project management associations exist around the globe.
Appendix C provides a list of approximately 60 such associations.
Website addresses can be found on this book’s student companion website, www.cengagebrain.com, and through the link found by searching for the ISBN of Successful Project Management 6e (from the back cover of the book), using the search box at the top of the page

9. Benefits of Project Management

The ultimate benefit of implementing project management techniques is having a satisfied customer—whether you are the customer of your own project, such as remodeling your basement, or a business (contractor) being paid by a customer to perform a project.

Completing the full project scope in a quality manner, on time, and within budget provides a great feeling of satisfaction and/or referrals for more business
Project managers have satisfaction, enhanced reputation, and expanded career opportunities
Project team members have contributed to the project’s success, expanded knowledge, and enhanced skills
When projects are successful, everyone wins!

10. Critical Success Factors

Planning and communication are critical to successful project management. They prevent problems from occurring or minimize their impact on the achievement of the project objective when they do occur.
Taking the time to develop a well thought-out plan before the start of the project is critical to the successful accomplishment of any project.
A project must have a clear objective of what is to be accomplished and defined in terms of end product or deliverable, schedule, and budget, and agreed upon by the customer.
Involve the sponsor or customer as a partner in the successful outcome of the project through active participation during the project.
Achieving customer satisfaction requires ongoing communication with the customer to keep the customer informed and to determine whether expectations have changed.
The key to effective project control is measuring actual progress and comparing it to planned progress on a timely and regular basis and taking any needed corrective action immediately.
After the conclusion of a project, the project performance should be evaluated to learn what could be improved if a similar project were to be done in the future. Feedback should be obtained from the sponsor or customer and the project team.
Learning and understanding the culture and customs of other project participants will demonstrate respect, help build trust, and aid in developing an effective project team, and it is critical for successful global project management.

11. Summary

A project is an endeavor to accomplish a specific objective through a unique set of interrelated activities and the effective utilization of resources.
The successful accomplishment of the project objective could be constrained by many factors, including scope, quality, schedule, budget, resources, risks, customer satisfaction, and stakeholder support.
The project life cycle has four phases: initiating, planning, performing, and closing the project.
Project management is planning, organizing, coordinating, leading, and controlling resources to accomplish the project objective. The project management process involves two major functions: first establishing a plan and then executing that plan to accomplish the project objective.
Project stakeholders are individuals and entities involved in, or who may influence, or may be affected by a project. Stakeholder engagement and support is important to the successful performance of a project and accomplishment of the project objective.
Globalization changes the dynamics of a project and adds a layer of complexity that can adversely affect the project outcome if the project participants are not aware of what they might encounter regarding cultural differences and multinational economic transactions.
The Project Management Institute is a premier worldwide not-for-profit association for practitioners in the project management profession.
The ultimate benefit of implementing project management techniques is having a satisfied customer—whether you are the customer of your own project or a business (contractor) being paid by a customer to perform a project.

Questions

Define project.

A project is an endeavor to accomplish a specific objective through a unique set of interrelated activities and the effective utilization of resources.

Define the term project objective and give some examples.

A project has a well-defined objective—an expected result or product. The objective of a project is usually defined in terms of scope, schedule, and cost. Furthermore, it is expected that the work scope will be accomplished in a quality manner and to the customer’s satisfaction.

An example is to produce 5,000 two-page, marketing brochures by July 1 for a cost of $15,000.

List some examples of resources that are used on a project.

People, equipment, money, materials, etc.

What role does a customer have during the project life cycle? Why is it important to satisfy the customer?

The customer should be involved throughout the project life cycle.

The customer is the one who is paying for the project. Unsatisfied customers have been known to withhold payments, never call you again for repeat business, and spread word of their dissatisfaction. On the other hand, a satisfied customer will do the opposite of those things.

What aspects of a project might involve some degree of uncertainty? Why?

Many aspects can have some degree of uncertainty, such as the schedule or the budget. An unexpected snowstorm may delay a highway construction project and increased lumber prices may increase the cost of building a new home.

Not everything in a project can be planned, scheduled, or budgeted.

Define scope, schedule, cost, and customer satisfaction. Why are these considered to be constraints?

The scope of a project is all the work that must be done in order to satisfy the customer that the deliverables meet the requirements or acceptance criteria agreed upon at the onset of the project.

The cost of a project is the amount the customer has agreed to pay for acceptable project deliverables. The project cost is based on a budget that includes an estimate of the costs associated with the various resources that will be used to accomplish the project.

The schedule for a project is the timetable that specifies when each activity should start and finish. The project objective usually states the time by which the project scope must be completed in terms of a specific date agreed upon by the customer and the individual or organization performing the work.

Customer Satisfaction is the level to which the customer is pleased with the end result of the project.

The objective of any project is to complete the scope within budget by a certain time to the customer’s satisfaction. Any of these four factors can put limitations on the final product.

List and describe the main phases of the project life cycle.

The first is the initiating phase, when projects are identified and selected. They are then authorized, using a document referred to as a project charter.

The second phase of the project life cycle is the planning phase and includes defining the project scope, identifying resources, developing a schedule and budget, and identifying risks, all of which make up the baseline plan for doing the project work.

In the third phase, the performing phase, the project plan is executed, and work activities are carried out to produce all the project deliverables and to accomplish the project objective. During this phase, the project progress is monitored and controlled to assure the work remains on schedule and within budget, the scope is fully completed according to specifications, and all deliverables meet acceptance criteria. Also, any changes need to be documented, approved, and incorporated into an updated baseline plan, if necessary.

The final phase of the project life cycle is the closing phase. Project evaluations are conducted, lessons learned are identified and documented to help improve performance on future projects, and project documents are organized and archived.

List and describe the steps required to develop a baseline plan.
Establish project objective — clearly define the project objective and have it agreed upon by the sponsor or customer.
Define scope — include customer requirements, define the major work activities or elements, and provide a list of deliverables and associated acceptance criteria that can be used to verify that the work and deliverables meet specifications
Create a work breakdown structure — divide and subdivide the project scope into pieces or work packages.
Assign responsibility — identify the person or organization responsible for each work item in the work breakdown structure
Define the specific activities — develop the list of detailed activities that need to be performed for each work package to produce any required deliverables.
Sequence activities — graphically portray the activities in a network diagram to display the sequence and dependent relationships of the detailed activities.
Estimate activity resources — determine which types and skills or expertise of resources and how many of each resource are needed for each activity with consideration of the availability of the resources.
Estimate activity durations — make a time estimate for how long it will take to complete each activity, based on the estimate of the resources that will be applied.
Develop the project schedule — develop the overall project schedule, including when each activity is expected to start and finish, as well as the latest times that each activity must start and finish in order to complete the project by the project required completion date.
Estimate activity costs — determine the costs for the types and quantities of resources estimated for each activity using the appropriate labor cost rate or unit cost for each type of resource.
Determine budget — aggregate the cost estimates for each activity.
Why must a manager monitor the progress of a project? What can be done if a project is not proceeding according to plan?

A manager must monitor progress to ensure that everything is going according to plan. It is also necessary to measure actual progress and compare it to planned progress.

If at any time during the project the comparison of actual to planned progress reveals that the project is behind schedule, overrunning the budget, or not meeting the technical specifications, corrective action must be taken to get the project back on track within the scope, schedule, and budget constraints of the project objective. These actions include adding or changing resources to make up time and get back on schedule.

Think of a project in which you were involved and identify the stakeholders and what “stake” each had in the project.

Answers to this question will vary depending on the student. Check responses to be sure they include the individuals and entities involved in, or who may influence, or may be affected by a project and what stake each had in the project.

Describe how a global project can be more complex than a project performed within just one country. How might these elements affect the successful outcome of the global project?

Global projects have several unique influencing factors such as currency fluctuations and exchange rates, country-specific work codes and regulations, corporate joint ventures and partnerships creating entities with a presence and facilities in multiple countries, political relations between countries, and availability of high-demand workforce skills.

Globalization changes the dynamics of the project and adds a layer of complexity that can adversely affect the project outcome if the project participants are not aware of what they might encounter in the way of cultural differences and multinational economic transactions.

List some benefits of using project management techniques.

The ultimate benefit of implementing project management techniques is having a satisfied customer.
Completing the full project scope in a quality manner, on time, and within budget provides a great feeling of satisfaction.
It could lead to additional business.
Successful projects can expand career opportunities.
A feeling of satisfaction comes from being on a winning team.
Project management can expand knowledge, enhance skills, and make it easier to undertake more complicated projects.
When projects are successful, everybody wins!

Consider a project in which you are currently involved (or in which you have recently been involved).
Describe the objectives, scope, schedule, cost, and any assumptions made.
Where are you in the project life cycle?
Does this project have a baseline plan? If yes, describe it. If not, create it.
Are you or is anyone else monitoring the progress of the project? If so, how? If not, how could you do so?
Describe some unexpected circumstances that could jeopardize the success of the project.
Describe the anticipated benefits of the project.

Answers to this question will vary depending on the student. Check responses to be sure they include the definition of a project, an endeavor to accomplish a specific objective through a unique set of interrelated activities and the effective utilization of resources.

Internet Exercises

The Internet Exercises can be a very valuable part of this course. Assignment of these exercises to your students as homework or complete them with students in a computer lab reinforces the concepts in the chapter and exposes the students to additional resources that are available through the Internet. Examination of broad field of project management will reinforce the growth of the project management field. Many organizations are realizing the value of employees having project management training and certifications. Exploration of the project management information could motivate the students to seek additional education or certifications.

Case Study #1 A Not-For-Profit Organization

This case study involves a meeting of the officers of the student community service organization that collects, buys, and distributes food for the needy. Their funds are almost exhausted and the demand for service is growing.

Answers to Case Questions

What are the needs that have been identified?

The students need to find a way to get more funds.
They need more volunteers.
They need more space.

Some students may point out that they don’t have a project plan for how to spend their current funding and need a project plan for their current work.

What is the project objective?

At this point they don’t all agree on the objective.

What assumptions, if any, should be made regarding the project to be undertaken?

You must always be careful when making assumptions. However, the following statements are made in the case study. Some may or may not actually be true.

The service organization will run out of funds in two months.
The local government is not able to provide additional funds.
The demand for assistance is increasing.
The volunteers need more space and more volunteers.
They get some food donations, but maybe not on a regular basis.

What are the risks involved in the project?

If the statements in the story are true, then the risk of not succeeding with this project is that the organization will have to shut down and members of the community in need of food will not have this student community service organization as a source of assistance.

Group Activity

Many community service organizations are facing the same issues as this student community service organization: need for additional funds for operation, need for more volunteers, and need for more donations. Having students learn about how not-for-profit organizations plan their projects and complete funding and donation requests will provide an rich learning opportunity and insight into project management that can only be learned through experience and direct observation.

Case Study #2 E-Commerce for a Small Supermarket

This case study involves a small supermarket in a rural town with a large and growing elderly population. The owners are discussing the possibility of putting their operation online.

Answers to Case Questions

What are the needs that have been identified?

The owners believe that putting their grocery store on-line will bring increased sales. They also need to repave the parking lot.

What is the project objective?

At this point, Matt and Grace haven’t decided. They have an idea to create an online ordering site or just have a page with a picture of themselves and the market.

What are some things Matt and Grace should do before they talk with the consultant?

They must list and possibly test some of their assumptions. You must always be careful when making assumptions. However, the following statements are made in the case study. Some may or may not actually be true.

Matt and Grace can increase sales by putting their operation online.
There is a demand for online services.
The benefits of doing this will outweigh the costs.

Matt and Grace also need to determine the motivations of the consultant. They need to find out whether the consultant is selling services for web development or is a technical assistance specialist who will provide well-informed suggestions.

What should the consultant tell Matt and Grace?

An honest consultant would determine the feasibility of this project. It might very well not be feasible, but it is very possible that the consultant will just give them a price for building the system.

Group Activity

Have two students act out the parts of Matt and Grace. Then role-play the interaction with the consultant to let Matt and Grace ask questions. Be sure to have the students focus on the needs identification step of the potential project for the store.

Optional Activity

Have each course participant, or small groups, contact a business that went online and ask the business what led it to that decision and whether the project met its initial expectations.

Optional Supplemental Activities

Contact a local not-for-profit organization in your community. Tell them that you are interested in learning about their operations. Ask them to describe a project they are currently working on. What is the objective? What are the constraints? The resources? The budget? The schedule? If possible, have each team contribute a few hours to the project. Through this process they will be helping someone in need and learning about a real-world project at the same time. Have each group prepare a report that summarizes the project and what they learned from this experience. Give them about three weeks for this effort.
Have a project manager be a guest lecturer in class to present the benefits of project management techniques. If the project manager has had international experience, have him or her discuss the complexity of managing an international project.

Monday, August 28, 2017

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Saturday, August 26, 2017

Successful Project Management 6th Edition Solution

Successful Project Management 6th Edition Solution

Chapter Concepts

Learning Outcomes

Project Management Knowledge Areas from PMBOK® Guide

Teaching Strategies

Lecture Notes

1. Real-World Project Management Examples

Vignette A: World Bank Success Factors

Vignette B: Hoover Dam Generates Project Management Techniques in Addition to Hydroelectricity

2. Project Attributes

A. Definition of a Project

B. Examples of Projects

3. Balancing Project Constraints

A. Project Constraints

B. Unforeseen Circumstances

4. The Project Life Cycle

A. Overview of a Project Life Cycle

B. Initiating Phase

C. Planning Phase

D. Performing Phase

E. Closing Phase

5. Project Management Process

A. Project Planning Process

B. Baseline Plan

C. Executing the Project Plan

6. Stakeholder Engagement

7. Global Project Management

8. Project Management Associations

A. Project Management Institute (PMI)

B. Project Management Associations around the Globe

9. Benefits of Project Management

10. Critical Success Factors

11. Summary

Questions

Internet Exercises

Case Study #1 A Not-For-Profit Organization

Answers to Case Questions

Group Activity

Case Study #2 E-Commerce for a Small Supermarket

Answers to Case Questions

Group Activity

Optional Activity

Optional Supplemental Activities

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